Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Article

Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Content and Intramyocellular Lipid Fatty Acid Saturation Are Associated with Glucose Homeostasis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Jung Eun Kim, Keagan Dunville, Junjie Li, Ji Xin Cheng, Travis B. Conley, Cortni S. Couture, Wayne W. Campbell; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):257-264. Published online May 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.257

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Background

Insulin resistance is associated with the higher content of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and the saturation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), but a paucity of data exist in humans. This study examined associations among IMAT content, IMCL saturation, and fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods

Seventy-five subjects (26 males, 49 females) were recruited and thigh muscle and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Vastus lateralis tissue was acquired from a subset of nine subjects and IMCL content and saturation were assessed using nonlinear dual complex microscopy.

Results

The characteristics of the 75 subjects were as follows: age 59±11 years, body mass index 30±5 kg/m², fasting glucose concentration 5.2±0.5 mmol/L, fasting insulin concentration 12.2±7.3 µU/mL, fasting homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 2.9±2.0 (mean±SD). IMAT to muscle tissue (MT) volume ratio was positively associated with the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in IMCL. IMAT:MT was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR. IMCL saturation was positively associated with fasting glucose concentration while muscle cell area, IMCL area, and % IMCL in muscle cell were not associated with fasting glucose concentration.

Conclusion

These results indicate that higher intermuscular fat content and IMCL saturation may impact fasting glucose concentration in middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity. The centralization of adipose tissue in the appendicular region of the body may promote insulin resistance.

Citations

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Review Article

Functional Study of Gene using Inducible Cre System.: Jung Eun Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(5):364-369. Published online October 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.5.364

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Abstract PDF

Gene manipulation by disrupting important genes using homologous recombination in mammals has provided important insights into their function and development with regard to disease. However, many questions related to the genetic pathways that regulate cellular differentiation and function remain to be clarified. In particular, analysis of genetic pathways that control embryonic skeletal development is often hindered by the disruption of critical genes that function in early embryogenesis, thereby leading to embryonic or perinatal death and thus preventing study of the role of these genes in skeletal development and physiology postnatally. To overcome this problem gene-targeting methods, using site- and time-specific recombination based methods with the Cre/loxP system, have been used to delete particular genes in specific tissues and stages during development. Thus, the generation and characterization of transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase, under the control of a tissue-specific and stage-specific promoter, has become prerequisite for study of the physiology and homeostasis of specific tissues during a specific time frame. In this report, we introduce the principles and methods of site-specific and time-specific recombination using the Cre/loxP and inducible Cre system, and discuss the potential applications for applying this system to the study of the development and physiology of the skeletal system.

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Original Articles

Adequate Duration of Medical Therapy for Koreans with Graves' Disease.: Hyoung Suk Lee, Dong Hun Lee, Hee Sun Chung, Jong Woo Lee, Jung Eun Kim, Seung Soo Shin, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):24-31. Published online February 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Graves' disease is an organ specific autoimmune disease. Three kinds of therapeutic modalities(antithyroid drugs, ablation with radioactive iodine and subtotal thyroidectomy) are frequently performed for the management of this disease. The most popular therapeutic policy for the disease in Korea is antithyroid treatment. We analysed and compared the remission rates of all three modalities for Graves' disease, and evaluated the antithyroid modality to determine the correct duration of treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 205 patients with Graves' disease were reviewed. For the evaluation of the antithyroid modality medical treatment, antithyroid drugs were administered for more than 1 year. The prognostic factors associated with remission were analysed by means of an ROC curve. RESULTS: 1) Of the 205 patients, proportions that received medical therapy, subtotal thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy were 83.0, 14.1 and 2.9%, respectively. 2) The remission rates of the medical therapy, surgery and radioiodine therapy were 60.0, 96.5 and 83.0%, respectively. 3) The remission rate of the medical therapy was associated with the duration of medication and TBII activity. The determined proper duration for the antithyroid treatment was 26 months from the ROC curve analysis. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that the proper duration of antithyroid treatment for Graves' disease is 26 months, after which time the subtotal thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy should be considered if the disease has not remitted.

Impaired Metabolic Signal Transduction Networks in Isolated Skeletal Muscle in Korean type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Joon Hyuck Choi, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyo Jeong Kim, Dong Hun Lee, Jong Woo Lee, Jung Eun Kim, Hyun Chae Yim, Kyung Mi Kim, Sung Yi Choi, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(5):685-697. Published online October 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The glucose uptake rate is the limiting step in glucose utilization and storage. The failure of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle appears to be a primary defect of insulin resistance. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia on the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR-beta), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), Akt kinase and GSK-3 in isolated skeletal muscle, in people with type 2 diabetes (n=9) and control subjects (n=11). METHODS: 75g OGTT and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were done. And vastus lateralis muscle was obtained before and 30 min into the euglycemic clamp. Western blots were performed for tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphorylation of the insulin receptor(IR-beta), Akt and GSK-3. RESULT: There were no statistical differences in the mean age, BMI and body fat between the control subjects and diabetic patients. The fasting blood sugar and HbA1c in controls and diabetic patients were 98.+/-1.3 and 208.1+/-16.5 ng/dl, and 5.4+/-0.5 and 9.2+/-0.6%, and 1.4+/-0.2 in the control subjects, and 72.2+/-52.3% (p<0.01) and 10.2+/-6.3 (p<0.01) in the diabetic patients, respectively. The insulin resistance from the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp tests were 8.2+/-0.6 mg/kg/min and 3.7+/-1.1 ng/kg/min in the control subjects and in the diabetic patients, respectively (p<0.01). Compared with the normal controls, insulin-stimulated IR phosphorylation was no different to that in the diabetic patients. However, insulin-stimulated IRS phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated GSK-3 phosphorylation were reduced in the diabetic patients compared with the normal controls by 24, 43 and 25%, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In korean type 2 diabetic patients, the insulin resistance may be due to the impairment of the upstream insulin signal molecular network. Further studies will focus on determining whether these signaling defects are the cause of the development of insulin resistance, or secondary to the altered metabolic state, associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Case Report

A Case with Thyroid Tuberculosis Diagnosed by Non-operative Method.: Dong Hun Lee, Hee Sun Chung, Hyoung Suk Lee, Mee Jung Kim, Jung Eun Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(4):572-575. Published online August 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland is extremely rare, with a few surgically removed cases having been reported. The differential diagnosis, from malignancies and other non tuberculous granulomatous lesions, is impossible clinical grounds. We experienced a case of tuberculosis of the thyroid gland with palpable thyroid nodules, in a 23 year-old female patient. She was clinical and biochemically euthyroid. US and CT scans demonstrated a low density mass in the left low lobe of the thyroid gland. An FNAB showed caseous necrosis, and AFB stains demonstrated tuberculosis bacilli. We report a case of tuberculosis of the thyroid gland, diagnosed by a non-operative method.

Original Article

Primary aldosteronism due to right adrenal adenoma case report.: Jung Eun Kim, Young Joon Ryu, Bae Wan Jeon, Chang Ho Jung, Yong Joon Kwon, Yun Kwon Kim, Yun Ja Kim, Seung soo Han, Kwang Hoi Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1991;6(4):377-383. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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